This will form a base layer to which the snow will be applied. This same mixture is applied to the road wheels and tracks, albeit in a much more dilute consistency. It appears clear here, but as the mixture dries, the clear acrylic will become visible and look like packed snow. I vary the amount and pattern of application. Make sure not to get any on the axels as the mixture sets like cement! Here the area is painted with a thick layer of the wet effects, and then the dry polymer is sprinkled on top.
This style of application is useful for even snow accumulations on large flat areas. The bottom example was not twisted before it cooled, while the top 3 received the twist.
The textural quality of those that were twisted far surpasses the untwisted one. Texture is added by applying thick CA along the surface of the icicle. The amount of detailing and exquisite paint jobs on the- 1 The Model right out of the box, made by Atlas Model Railroad Co. After some modifications and decals we will seal the entire car with Testors Dullcote to prepare it for the fading.
Using Dullcote from an aerosol can will work just fine. In this article we will show a few simple techniques for fading the factory paint and adding rust. Using nothing more than some AK Washes and a few oil paints we can transform a mass produced model into a unique representation of the prototype.
Begin by placing a drop of Zinc White oil paint onto a notecard. Then, working on three panels at a time use a small flat brush to cover the desired area. Wipe off any excess paint from the brush on a soft piece of cloth. Lightly flood the edges of rust with Odorless Thinner to soften the edges and create some slight runoff. The white oil paint will need about days to fully dry.
Once dry, seal it again with Dullcote to prepare the model for following washes and filters. Make sure the paint goes on smooth and flat, we want to avoid any out of scale texture. For the darker pits and scrapes we will use Burnt Umber oil paint. The model will represent a car that is five to ten years older than the prototype picture and painted out for its new owner.
If you look closely near bottom of the car you can see that the rust is in the same location as the picture. AK Rust Streaks can be used on top of the streaks and near the bottom of the streaks to simulate lighter run off. Almost like putting paint on the edge of a razor blade. Slowly pull the brush down the model, the longer bristles will help keep the streaks straight.
I think that it is also agreed that for many modelers, painting a convincing figure can be one of the greatest challenges in our hobby. As I will demonstrate, the painting process can be made simple if performed in logical steps. Accordingly, the figure is displayed on a snowy and icy base vignette, which captures the typical setting. The lips are painted with Vallejo The key of a nice looking painted face is the repetition of the whole blending and contrasting processes until the effect has a realistic appearance.
Black is brushed into the slots to increase the depth. Once this layer has dried a diluted black wash is used to unify the finish. The upper edges of the folds are emphasized with a lightened mixture of the base color, while the shadows are created by adding black to the base color. As before, the final step is a light wash of the base Field Grey color.
Afterward, a thin streak of lightened base color is painted over the black stripe to blend the seam with the background fabric color. Over this, a diluted layer of white glue is applied and NOCH grass sprinkled over top. Then, successive layers of autumn colors are dry brushed onto the surfaces to bring up highlight colors. Small branches, roots and foliage are set in place with drops of white glue. Magic Snow is available in two grades; I have used the coarse version.
After completion of the base, the finished figure can be fixed on the base with cyanoacrylate glue. The choice has lot has to do with your chosen technique and scale also plays role in the decision.
This is a little analysis to get into the wide world of snow in modeling. Good news is that the incident did not affect production and we are glad to pass along that information here.
Woodland Scenic continues to provide products and we look forward to new releases regularly. Many of them will be represented them in future issues of TWM. This manufacturer offers a tremendous product for snow with a very realistic look and the coverage area is good. Grain size is medium and fine, in different thicknesses with a crystalline appearance. This product is manufactured by Woodland Scenic. The appearance is basically the same as that of Woodland, but this mark provides a much smaller bag than can be perfect for small scenes or vignettes.
Also the price is lower. This product can stick with white glue, or spray adhesives. It can also be mixed with very bright varnish to create various effects. The brand Deluxe Materials offers a wide range diorama product of many types and purposes. This pack includes several products for snow and ice but especially we will compare the Snowflakes that is equivalent to the others.
This product is very different to the other two. The bead is thicker and have different sizes. It is more uniform and appearance is matt and less crystalline. This is a product different from the other products mentioned, and also the most difficult to find.
Dust from this product is extremely thin, highly crystalline and uniform. It can be mixed with diluted white glue with water and applied in thin layers on a ground vehicle or wax effects of fresh snow, for example. But also can be perfect for add snow accumulations on some vehicles very accurately.
Our intended snowdrift can easily look more like a meringue or whipped cream topping; a frosted topping that ruins our work. Snow is a challenge that is made more difficult by the fact that a fresh snow can, if fact, look like a cream filling in real life. A scene of fresh, clean snow can be made more interesting and realistic with a trace of dirty snow; a pool of melting snow, icicles hanging from a branch or a frozen waterfall can become glimmering focal points within the blanket of white.
By the end of the process we will have transformed this scene into a natural winter environment. Layer by layer we build volume to the ice and frozen waterfall. The paste can be applied in several coats, and once the first coat is dry we will apply additional layers until satisfied with the result. The two Spanish products offer a little diversity in color, with one of them being white and the other a bit greyish in color. Notice that the snow covering the plants and bushes is more fluid and translucent, while in the rocks and the road are more white and heavy.
We want this application to be localized so we build a dam using Blu-Tac to prevent the liquid from spilling across the entire road. All that remains are to add a few finishing details, the vehicle and figures. On the bottom I applied a brown earth color as the basis for further paintwork. A layer of gloss varnish was then applied overall. I began with a layer of Tamiya XF that I distress using a stiff brush moistened with hot water.
Once the work on this layer is finished, I spray a layer of gloss varnish to protect this stage of my work.
The process was continued with the next layer using Tamiya XF, protecting each layer with gloss varnish before moving onto the next. It is important not to completely paint over the areas of prior paint removal allowing areas of the light green and primer red colors to show through. I began to touch up chipped with the above process with acrylics.
Using a fine brush I worked to enhance the wear by adding small chips in light green, dark green and dark brown for the deeper layers. The location of the chips can also be used to enhance and define contours and shapes. The advantage is that the enamels are easily manipulated and have a longer drying time to do streaks, stains and pin washes 8 Using artists oils that have first been applied onto a small piece of cardboard in order to soak-up excess oils I begin adding depth and richness to the surfaces.
Certain panels are differentiated using subtle color shifts and the corners and recessed areas are darkened to add further contrast. As you can see here on the turret, the light tan acrylic color aids in the weathering and is very effective in unifying the layers of finish.
This photo clearly shows the entire painting process and where we are heading with the weathering. The result is a snow that is very realistic and easy to apply, but should be used sparingly for small drifts in corners.
I chose the latter because I wanted to represent traces of water also in other areas along the hull. With a small brush simply deposit a drop of varnish on the snow and then draw the remaining moisture downward in vertical lines to create effect of melting snow.
Some of these lines can be mixed with earth colored acrylic to simulate water traveling across the dirty surface. I wanted to give the impression of a tank in use that had pretty much crushed the winter white, I think I got it. I think all of you have experienced that excitement Modeling subjects for this theme are as wide-ranging and diverse as the Southeast Asian landscape itself. Hartman and Pvt.
Cowboy: sir, excuse for what, sir? Cowboy: sir, yes, sir. Srg: Thank you! Can I be in charge for a while? Srg: Are you shook up? Cowboy: sir By default, Google Chrome opens a PDF file in the browser window instead of saving it to the downloads folder.
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Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Vindha Paul. A short summary of this paper. Abstract In this information era of technological advancement and breakthroughs that promises unheard of conveniences to make life easier for all, stress has become a global psychological hazard and is clearly taking its toll on the health of the workforce with no profession proving to be exempt and the stark reality is that the workforce is experiencing an ever increasing level of accelerating stress and burnout.
The organisational stressors and life stressors can lead to adverse consequences including stress, poor performance and low job satisfaction.
The consequences of stress can be devastating and these stressors strip the body of energy and causes physical reactions. In addition to this, very high levels of stress can lead to dysfunctional behaviour in the form of alcoholism, smoking, drug addiction and can have a drastic effect on the individuals, their families and organisations. Individuals are likely to put too much of themselves into their profession by literally exhausting their aspirations and motivations much like a candle burning itself out.
The dental professionals are constantly trying to meet their own agenda while simultaneously trying their best to fulfil the organizational expectations. This ultimately leads to loss of self-confidence, psychological withdrawal, mental and physical exhaustion and this will result in burnout. When persons become burned out, they become highly irritable, complain and attribute their errors to everyone around them. The three main dimensions of burnout are developing a critical and cynical attitude towards everyone known as depersonalization, emotional exhaustion and the tendency to evaluate oneself negatively by being unhappy and dissatisfied with their accomplishments.
This study explores the profound impact of stress management strategies. These techniques will enable to significantly increase the productivity, creativity, mental clarity, work performance, job satisfaction, work place quality and effectiveness of the dental professionals. Introduction The demands of work place are ever increasing and highly dynamic due to the advent of globalization and liberalization of the economy, competition among organisations has increased tremendously during the past few years.
The psychological work environment of a dentist can be considered as a bit more superior to physical work environment because it controls the job satisfaction of a dentist. Stress is a pressure condition causing hardship and has a deleterious effect on the health and work performance of the dental practitioners. He coined Page 1 of 13 www.
The first stage the alarm reaction where the body prepares for stress by an inborn tendency to respond and the person experiencing an alarming situation either resolves to fight with the stressful situation or runs away from it.
The second stage being resistance stage where the body attempts to withstand prolonged stress and the third stage is exhaustion and is characterised by physical deterioration. Stress occurs when the psychological and physical demands around him exceeds his capability and adjustment resources available to cope with it. The more the demand of a situation outweighs the resources, the more stressful will become the situation. Adental professional spends nearly twelve to thirteen hours of his time for his profession.
Instead of focussing his mind on money and fame, he treats each patient who approaches him with concern, consideration and sympathy. The psychological hazards are in the form of uncomfortable feelings like worry, tension, fear and anxiety arousing conditions at work place or family life and cause stress beyond the tolerance limit and have different types of physical and emotional maladjustments.
Diseases like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, ulcer, arthritis, diabetes, heart problems severe headaches, and even hair loss are the manifestation of stress, for the mind plays a vital role in maintaining good health.
Studies suggest that negative emotions may suppress the immune response and positive feelings boost the immune system.
Having chosen his career with passion and dedicating most of his time for his profession, a dental professional is unable to spend time for his family.
After all his sacrifice for his family, if he is not treated with empathy by his family members there will be strained personal relationships and he undergoes stressful situations in every walk of his life which affects his mental work environment during his working hours, thereby affecting his treatment procedures.
When the consciousness is filled with problems and difficulties of family or profession, thoughts about unpleasant past events, anticipating future events, the negative thoughts, feelings and emotions relating to these can create a great amount of stress and this will bring down the energy levels hindering his concentration, tolerance and commitment during work and filling him with tiredness, agony, ill health and eventually burnout which makes him break down physically and emotionally due to fatigue, frustration, helplessness under the burden of overwhelming demands and continuously combating with stress over a long period of time.
Professional Burnout can cause detachment from their jobs and feelings of not being able to achieve goals in personal and professional life.
It is a very slow process and goes through the different stages of job contentment, mental fatigue, excessive anger at workplace and towards family, low self-esteem and finally suicidal tendencies. Health care professionals like dentists, particularly those who are work addicts, workaholics and those with continuous high occupational stress are more susceptible to be burned out.
When individuals are burned out, they may put in longer hours at work but accomplish less than before, may start dreading going to work in the morning and may generally display physical and mental exhaustion. This can lead to low levels of job satisfaction, poor performance, low productivity, defective work quality, low morale and eventually make them to leave their jobs and seek opportunities to be trained for new careers. Page 2 of 13 www. Organisational Stressors Organisational stressors are the various factors that can cause stress at the workplace.
There are several potential stress factors that can have an impact and affect the mental work environment of a dentist and may be classified into four categories. Patient factors: The dental practitioner must be constantly aware of the risk of exposure to blood-borne infections during dental procedures with needles and drilling instruments and tools such as burs and drills. Efforts like operatory clean up, instrument reprocessing, appropriate management of exposure to needle stick injuries, by using one-handed scoop technique and mechanical recapping device, use of personal protection, proper sterilization or disinfection practices must be adhered to by the dentists.
The dentist a pivotal personality in the dental sector organization performs his dental procedures within the context of his relevant environment. The dentist performing clinical procedures on fearful, uncooperative and apprehensive patients tend to experience anger, high blood pressure and increased heart rate making him feel fatigue, loss of energy and mentally exhausted.
Amount of patients whether very few or too many that he can handle, anxious or demanding patients, increased effort in treating the patients and in return lack of appreciation or dissatisfied patients even after giving them the best care and treatment can increase stress dramatically. Professional practice factors: Most of the dentists having a private practice spend long hours in professional isolation and confinement in their small clinics with no colleagues to interact, share their problems and laugh with, unlike their counterparts in other professions working in large organisations.
The multifaceted physical work environment of the dentist plays a quintessential role in the work life of the dentist. Amount of work either excessive workload or under workload, musculoskeletal fatigue, exposure to blood borne pathogens, constant time pressure and tight deadlines, inadequate income due to feeling uncomfortable in quoting and collecting the fees or due to increased competition.
Fear of making mistakes and the constant drive for technical perfection, patients being late or missing their appointments can cause frustration, apathy, tension and stressful conditions. Occupational exposure threats prevailing in the physical work environment of the dentist, repetition of work or boredom, having to perform beyond clinical abilities, keeping up with new developments, interruptions during work, dealing with unrealistic patients expectations can lead to adverse consequences including stress, poor performance and low job satisfaction.
Page 3 of 13 www. Financial pressures such as office overhead like rent, electricity bills, high cost of dental materials and laboratory charges often rises much higher than the income which the dentist earns in the dental clinic which leads to immense mental pressure forcing him to work without taking lunch breaks, holidays and even when he is sick and physically not fit.
A dentist has the constant pressure of having to make enough money to cover the overhead expenses. Business management demands, management of auxiliary staff, long working hours and too little personal time can result in work place injuries, increased illness and poor mental performance. High competition due to the increasing number of dental clinics having been set up in the last few years, the dentist s have to resort to charging the patients lower charges without compromising on the quality of the costly materials used in the treatment.
This puts the dentist in a very critical stress situation. Life stressors: The stressful situations that occur outside the organisation can also have an impact on the dentists inside the organisational settings.
Life stressors may be generally categorised into life change and life trauma. The notion of life change as a source of stress was first developed and popularised by Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe University of Washington School of Medicine in , to provide a standardized measure of the impact of a wide range of stressors. They developed the social readjustment rating scale by listing 43 common stressful or life events and named them as Life Change Units LCU to study whether or not stress contributed to illness.
Life trauma: Life trauma is a more direct, narrower and shorter term focus than life change. The concept that stress causes distress and ill health has been widely researched and concluded by many medical and psychological researchers and also accepted among the general public and in the mass media. Effects of stress: Long term stress can have both physiological as well as psychological consequences.
Page 4 of 13 www. Individuals who are under stress have the tendency to perceive everyone around in negative terms, blame others, will be quick tempered and easy to anger.
Frequent negative emotions like chronic anger is a risk factor in heart related problems causing the body to repeatedly pump out stress hormones from the adrenal glands which increase the heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure, eventually damaging the lining of the arteries and blood vessels of the heart. It also increases the blood levels of cholesterol, the fatty substance that clogs the arteries increasing the risk of heart attacks.
Acute stress triggers migraine headaches. When headache occurs in the absence of other symptoms then it is said to be stress related. The misery of brutal migraine attacks leads to disturbances of sleep, mood, thinking process, and impairs the quality of life.
Stress increases the susceptibility of asthmatic attacks, arthritis, fertility issues, premenstrual syndrome, speeds up the aging process, flu, cold, host of other ailments like allergies, skin problems, unexplained hair loss, teeth grinding, chest tightness, chronic fatigue, back pain, and cardiovascular problems.
Hence chronic tress damages the health and has the capacity to make individuals vulnerable to a range of diseases and other physical health problems. Psychological factors: Stress and burnout is the major cause of all mental illness and psychological problems. The psychological effects of prolonged stress and burnout is more subtle and leads to problems like insomnia, nervousness, fear, loss of sex drive, dejection, sense of loneliness, low morale, irritability, short temper, moodiness, feeling overwhelmed, agitation, inability to relax, general unhappiness, isolation and anxiety which may be either panic disorder or generalised anxiety disorder.
Sometimes the effects of stress overload may even lead to cognitive symptoms like poor concentration, memory problems, seeing only the negative side of life, poor judgement, constant worrying, anxious or racing thoughts and reduced flexibility of thinking.
Severe stress can lead individuals to feel emotionally numb, disoriented and difficulties in relating to friends, incapable of trusting anyone around and thus disrupting interpersonal relationships, low performance and job dissatisfaction. Exacerbated stress and burnout can lead individuals to behavioural symptoms like sleeping more or less, over eating or eating less, nervous habits, procrastination, neglecting responsibilities and substance abuse like alcohol, cigarettes or drugs to relax and thereby disrupting the quality of personal and professional life.
Stress management strategies to cope with stress and burnout Stress management is a decision making process.
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